Orchids
Orchids are one of the families of flora richest with kinds. Representatives of family of orchids can be found practically in an every spot on the globe: in rainy rainforests, in savannas and in steppes, in hot lowlands and in cold mountain areas, at height to 5 kilometres. However the biggest variety of kinds of family ятрышниковых (орхидных) can be seen in tropical and subtropical zones of East Asia, and also in Central and the South America. These regions - the native land of the majority of the orchids planted at us as indoor plants.
Orchids admired also them collected in ancient China. 300 years prior to a Christmas Greek Feofrast has named plants "орхис" that means "яички" and hints at steam rooms утолщенные root tubers which are at European ятрышника. Later this name has been transferred on all family of plants as a whole. In 1731 in Europe the first tropical orchid brought from the Bahamas by any missionary has blossomed. However has passed even almost whole century before the present hunting behind these exotic seed plants has begun.
Perhaps, there is no person who never would hear about orchids. There is in the name something mysterious, far and exciting. One of translations of a word ' an orchid ' is treated as ' occurring from god '. ' intellectuals of a vegetative kingdom ' their scientists call. These are the most unusual and refined plants in which attractive mystery of the far exotic countries is concluded. They influence an inner world of the person, inspiring people of creative trades on creation of new works of art, give raw materials for the pharmaceutical and perfumery industry, but their main value that they are unique, as any creation of the nature. Many legends are connected with them and поверий. Orchids appear even on pages of fantastic novels, acting in a role of representatives of unearthly civilisations.
At first sight, there is something unnatural that introduction process in culture of these unique plants was tightened for some centuries. And meanwhile the reason is rather obvious...
After Europeans have opened the first exotic orchids which have amazed all with the unique beauty, hundreds adventurers and money have directed in the most remote corners of the world on searches of new plants. They organised expeditions to virgin forests of Brazil and impassable jungle Borneos, travelled on overgrown coast of the East Asian and Indian rivers, got into inaccessible mountain areas of Madagascar. Each opening on their way was result of the big courage and set of deprivations. There is no saying that as a result it has appeared more important for these people - aspiration to a profit or passion of the present hunter.
The first tropical orchid vanilla (Vanilla platifolia) have brought to Europe in 1510 Spanish конквистадоры. The substance allocated from unripe fruits, became the most expensive spice after a saffron.
The kind representing decorative value, - (Cypripedium reginae) - has got to the Old World much later, in 1635 the Mention of it it is possible to find a North American Venus shoe in 1641 in lists of plants of the Botanical garden in Leiden (Holland).
Despite the fact that what brought to Europe from the tropical countries of thousand orchids, nevertheless prior to the beginning of XIX century they were extremely rare. The collection of the Parisian botanical garden in 1804 totaled only seven copies, as much was in a botanical garden of Berlin, in Vienna - eleven, and in Leiden - only three. Apparently, ignorance of specificity of cultivation of these plants, their biological features has affected. Only in 1845 the Belgian collector Jean Linden as a result of the travel on Southern and Central America has managed to supply exact enough information on in what conditions grow and tropical orchids develop. It has formed a basis for working out of their technology культивирования.
Many enterprising gardeners already in first half of last century tried to trade widely in these exotic plants, but almost all of them suffered failure because of the big losses during long transportations of a landing material through ocean. As a result has remained only four largest enterprises, orchids engaged in sale: ' Sander ', ' Vejt, Law and Charles-vort ' in England, ' Morrel ' in France and ' Van Houtte ' in Belgium.
Together with plants parcels came to Europe with seeds. To study their germination scientists have begun in the first quarter of XIX century In greenhouses of a gardening society in Chizvine (England) sprouts of an orchid from a sort прескоттия have been received.
The first attempts of crossing Domini - the senior gardener of firm ' has undertaken in 1853 Vejt, Law and Charlzvort ', and in 1856 it already managed to receive interspecific hybrids of a sort каланта. All stages of consecutive introduction of orchids in culture for a long time in the past.
Time ' the big hunting ' behind these plants has come to an end. Today reliable methods of their reproduction, including the advanced - by means of biotechnology, on artificial nutrient mediums are known many. In greenhouses the set of new hybrids, by beauty surpassing natural forms from far rainforests is created. The specialised enterprises in many countries of the world grow up on срезку hundred thousand the diversified orchids. Last years even more often these plants can be met in apartments at flower growers-fans who have reached the big successes and in their selection.
however and in room culture, and in цветоводческих economy grow up hybrid forms of orchids more often. And in the nature these surprising plants catastrophically disappear. Botany-systematisation total more than 20 thousand the kinds growing everywhere from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. But neither the wide area, nor a huge specific variety cannot rescue them from the hung threat. Over four centuries the person conducted purposeful struggle for introduction of orchids in culture, gradually destroying natural populations. Many kinds are on the verge of disappearance, and to rescue them it is almost impossible. Rare became not only magnificent tropical orchids, but also our northern which though look more modest, but on grace and refinement at times do not concede to the most attractive эпифитным to kinds.
Tropical orchids are infinitely various and amazingly beautiful. Them цветки - champions on the durability, many live months. Why orchids so are a little extended among fans of indoor plants? Partly because these flowers ' romanticists and secrets ' as any other plants are surrounded by superstitions and prejudices. We, inhabitants of the end of the twentieth century, - happy people. The surprising and fine world of orchids has already opened the most part of the riddles, and cultivation of these plants has ceased to be the privilege of the elite.
We Will consider simple methods of care of them and we will get acquainted with the most unpretentious.
For today it is known about 35 thousand kinds of orchids and almost it is as much artificial the deduced hybrids. The majority of them - эпифиты, that is the plants living on trees. They grow and on пеньках, the tumbled down trunks, and on stony slopes and breakages, clinging roots to roughnesses and deepenings. In all cases roots at them - outside. But orchids - not parasites, at them are the chlorophyll, and trees are necessary to them only for a support. The root clinging to a surface can go deep, of course, but only into such substratum, which in itself is ' air ' - a crack in a bark, a rotten stub, a congestion of a moss or another's roots. To put these plants in the earth or any other substratum strongly detaining a moisture (as it tried to do earlier) - means to doom them to slow death. Substratum for landing. In orchid tropics simply beat a nail to a tree, and they start to grow. At high (80 %) humidity of air can be grown up them and houses, having attached to a bark piece. It is so-called block culture. But in drier atmosphere roots will dry up. Them grow up ' in a bark ', that is in usual pots, using pieces of a bark instead of the earth. Is better the pine bark approaches. The size of pieces-granules from 5 to 20 mm - the thicker roots, the more largely a bark. Bark pieces fill in for 10 minutes with boiled water, wash out in a colander from a dust, and then dry up. Once again moisten them only directly ahead of landing.
Landing. To choose better plastic pots, they гигиеничнее. In walls do vertical cuts on third of height of a pot. Approximately on the same height the drainage - pieces of polyfoam or керамзита is filled. Then a pot fill with bark pieces in which the orchid is put. A substratum stack so that bark granules in the bottom layers were larger, than in top. It allows roots ' to breathe ' and in the depth of a pot.
Watering. It is necessary to water with a thin stream to moisten the dried up surface of a substratum. Water take boiled, and it is better distilled. Some orchids, having pseudo-potatoes (утолщенные stalks), have a so-called dormant period. At this time watering reduce, but so that pseudo-potatoes were wrinkled not strongly.
Temperature. All orchids share on three temperature groups (winter temperatures mean):
- ' cold ' - with night temperature 10-12 ° With;
- ' moderated ' - with night temperature 12-15 ° With;
- ' warm ' - with night temperature 15-18 ° С
Illumination. All orchids share on three groups:
- Take out a direct sunlight;
- Demand are sewn up from the midday sun (from 10 till 14 o'clock);
- Prefer a diffused light.
The most dangerous time - the end of February - March when the sun of the first spring days can burn leaves.
Fertilizer. Orchids feed up in growth 1-2 times a month, planting 1 г on 1 l of water.
Falenopspsis (Phalaenopsis) - an orchid the butterfly.
The pioneer has accepted Tsvetki of this orchid for a flock of butterflies. This orchid - the best for beginners - has wide кожистые leaves and thick roots. It is few stalk, from under the bases of the bottom leaves there are roots and long цветоносы, bearing a cluster gentle roundish цветков.
Modern hybrids differ large (more than 10 sm in diameter) цветками with rich scale of colouring: from white to purple, yellow and almost red. There are grades with dark veins and stains. Цветки do not fade and do not fall down very long. There are hybrids at which the separate flower lives about four months. The dormant period at fale-nopsisov is not present, to them are constantly necessary warmly, a moisture and partial затенение from direct solar beams. The best substratum - large, to 3 sm in diameter, pieces of a bark with the small additive of a sphagnum. Inflorescences фаленопсисов can be used with success in срезке; сеянцы blossom for 3rd year. They only need to be planted in a pure sphagnum, to hold in house тепличке at constant temperature not more low 25 ° With, feeding up 2 times a month.
materials www.liveorchid.ru and Vikipedii
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